How to write books in a paper
Grad School Essay Topics
Wednesday, August 26, 2020
Public Art Essay
The center presentation will be founded on crafted by two picked picture takers because of the failure to explore a bigger number , this is on the grounds that they are an excessive number of and wide spread that an endeavor to take a gander at all of them would be practically unthinkable , exorbitant and tedious. The program will show the different works done by the picture taker including computerized expressions, video establishments all set up to give a top to bottom investigation of the history and accomplishment of the picture takers The point of the venture is to investigate the capability of new media, on-line innovation, augmented reality/intelligent activities to give new methods for examinations on the equivalent. To welcome crafted by the two picture takers we will look into the much that they have brought to the field, what they despite everything need to bring and the impact and instruction they have had on various people and zones of communication. The two picture takers to be researched are Patrick Renschen and Russ Rosener. Crafted by Renschen is generally moving and doesn't just address the essential workmanship however has an inside and out importance which one should be sufficiently sharp to get a handle all in all thought behind the equivalent and furthermore have the option to value that such work could be so educative. Crafted by this specific picture taker was stand-out since it didnââ¬â¢t include a standard or a normal which would be followed day in day out rather he attempted to make it energizing via doing investigates on the most proficient method to improve it and make it all the more fulfilling to both him and his partners. His point was too clear in that he needed to be the best as well as the just one in the field of commitment who could be depended on and depended on. He likewise guaranteed associating them up electronically in all the chronicles, additionally archiving and distributing the work which is presently held in local, national and global exhibition hall assortments and college focuses, and to guarantee wide availability to worldwide and residential crowds. The picture taker had a display that had all the history and advancement of the establishment, and the basic heritage left as far as the impact on contemporary model, ecological workmanship, and design to give some examples. He had introductions of all the first photos, drawings, representations, correspondence, and even composed portrayals of everything about he embraced, it additionally had all the understandings by caretakers and craftsmanship pundits such John Elderfield and Fred Brookes. The picture taker likewise was quick to show new appointed documentation by driving specialists/picture takers. He followed the development utilizing intelligent advanced undertakings he likewise utilized computerized activity and 3D verbalization of the key plan and sculptural components just to guarantee flawlessness and precision was kept up all through the entire exercise. The picture taker likewise utilized bunches of subordinate staff to help in the fulfillment of his work. A commission for a picture taker/craftsman to produce new visual pictures for the show dependent on the natural and design viewpoints nearby an itemized investigation of the equivalent, and the works of art areas related with him. Conceivable likeness commission, to photo individuals related with the picture taker this was for the record and for future references and proof of their support and furthermore a method of causing them to feel increased in value. He endeavored to guarantee that he was consistently on location in spite of his tight timetable yet since now and again he was confronted with some unavoidable conditions, he was not forgotten about in having arranged ahead of time for such crises, in his nonattendance work went on similarly as common since there was a commission of specialists and picture takers to deliver another collection of work dependent on the possibility that his nonappearance was a test on their responsibility and dependability. The picture taker would even consolidate new blood and cerebrum from schools and universities by including understudies to take an interest in a similar utilizing existing documents and outlines. Creation of a lot of 3D building models, drawings and projections recording the discoveries and proposing theoretical result. The picture taker had intelligent structural and advanced expressions research and their reclamation venture perhaps composed to team up well with the plan being referred to. This united numerous draftsmen specialists and IT architects to build an intuitive virtual portrayal , following its iconography and development from origination through the different phases of the development and plan. The picture taker utilized on line talk room and intelligent site/3D virtual, permitting researchers, specialists and analysts from various nations to contribute their perspectives and proposals as he trusted in being dynamic. He had faith in the utilization of new innovation to envision and build elective on line answers for issues experienced in his work. Dissimilar to Patrick Renschen, Russ Rosener, a different universe eminent picture taker had an entire diverse way to deal with a similar photography both as a profession and as an intuitive sort of work. He is so unique in relation to different picture takers in that he has not had some expertise in just a single region of photography and he has an assorted scope of regions where he includes. He covers a wide scope of exercises which he says gives him better introduction and fulfillment as there is no word as fatigue which numerous picture takers will in general experience the ill effects of. He has quite a bit of his corporate work covering worldwide assignments and obligations, for example, yearly reports, representation, publicizing and social duty programs. Regardless of whether he is in solitude or driving a gathering of people he can be depended on by an organization that minds the worldwide seriousness in the field for his experience and excited nature, he is additionally truly adaptable and his way to deal with his activity isn't static rather relies upon the circumstance and substance. He can guarantee that his customers can depend on him to have the option to convey top notch material and best outcomes which is simple for anybody to get to and even use across print, present and online media they are additionally ready to speak to their organization to a high expert standard because of the high rivalry confronting them accordingly expecting one to have an upper hand over the others. (Rosenblum, Naomi) As a picture taker he can keep up both quality and classification in his work and in this unique part in this way guaranteeing customer dependability and continue purchasing by same clients as opposed to finding new individuals through and through which is an expensive and difficult circumstance to pick up. Being engaged with social duty has possibly carried more interest to this picture taker particularly of late when most organizations have held onto social obligation as a necessity for the achievement and coherence of the organizations; this is on the grounds that they need trustworthy pictures for the precise portrayal of difficulties and accomplishments related with the entire task. The picture taker says that his isn't procured sort of aptitude rather it is a brought into the world sort of workmanship and guarantees anybody that for the best outcomes and sure win he is the appropriate response. He does the majority of his work as it introduces itself to him and he doesn't need to go out there attempting to be unique by directing examination and in any event, understanding more and he has still figured out how to be a world well eminent picture taker who can be considered as a part of renowned photographic artists. This could be because of the way that he is so unique and exceptionally clear contrasted with different picture takers and he has kept up this from the start without previous the quality for amount when the work is excessively, he is a moderate yet sure themed individual who puts stock in quality and making of trust in the entirety of his customers. The two picture takers are very dubious in that one is exceptionally creative and researchful while the other just sits and handles a circumstance as it introduces itself to him and relying upon what the customers needs as conclusive outcomes. No different they donââ¬â¢t come up short on certain similitudes in that they are both outcome arranged and care about the nature of results that they convey to their clients and fans as this is significant on the off chance that they are to proceed in business without losing it to contenders. The picture takers have end up being entirely solid and for that they have gotten a ton of consideration from both local and global markets and organizations. Despite the fact that crafted by photography introduces itself as loaded with fun and fervor all the time the two have sincerely concurred that it additionally has its feeble regions and furthermore has a percent of weariness however they attempt however much as could reasonably be expected to keep on the fire and make the work as well as can be expected. For the most part photography can be viewed as an exceptionally requesting territory of undertaking because of its dynamic nature which makes it truly capricious particularly with the improvement in innovation which happens nearly every day and which they need to monitor in case they become obsolete and overwhelmed by occasions. It is significant in the present day and age and is require by each organization and individual for the smooth running of the everyday exercises. This territory of photography is especially extremely energizing and intriguing since it includes for the most part open air exercises which is a smart thought for admirers of site seeing and acknowledging nature and what it brings to the table. Where it happens inside its no different very fascinating since its all ostentatious and all grins particularly for big names, style and models as one sees most current structures and states of various clothing types and postures for use somewhere else. This is particularly so intriguing to me since I love perusing design magazines which contain a great deal of picture takers work and I get the chance to value all of it. Moreover we ought not overlook the way that the picture takers have carried a great deal of amicability to a wide range of networks of the world everywhere through the topic contained in their gems and for that we ought not neglect to value their work much more. The picture taker like some other individual needs consolation and the
Saturday, August 22, 2020
SOCIAL, CULTURAL and ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF HEALTH Essay - 1
SOCIAL, CULTURAL and ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF HEALTH - Essay Example , we can't delink and conceptualize general wellbeing and human services independently since both spotlight on the improvement of the strength of the whole populace, in a nation or a locale, despite the fact that social insurance centers around singular consideration while general medicinal services centers around a piece of the populace, or the whole populace (Gostin et al., 2011). Nonetheless, the kind of the human services that the country gives is dictated by the nature of care offered and the result of care gave by specialists in the social insurance area. For this situation, the nature of care is the most significant viewpoint as it decides the wellbeing of the whole populace. Different research examines recognize the significance of the nature of care in deciding the result of care with the result of care gave being the most significant perspective in the assurance of the viability of a nationââ¬â¢s social insurance framework (Hermann et al., 2006; Parish et al., 2011; Pinc us et al., 2007; Shih et al., 2013). To accomplish viability in the human services area with the point of accomplishing quality consideration, it is essential to guarantee that there is adequate distribution of assets that are thus used in a methodology that was powerful. For this situation, allotment of assets ought not exclusively be managed without following their usage and use in each level and association of the social insurance framework in which the assets are required. This suggests the productivity of the social insurance division is dictated by different variables with the measure of assets allotted deciding the usage of administrations in guaranteeing that the human services part addressed the issues of the country. In accordance with this, Kluge (2007) recognized assets as basic in setting the need in the medicinal services area. Partners face a test identified with the setting of needs in a situation whereby the assets dispensed are not adequate to execute a social insurance framework that tends to the requ irements of all partners in the
Tuesday, August 18, 2020
Freshman February Wave of Admits - UGA Undergraduate Admissions
Freshman February Wave of Admits - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Freshman February Wave of Admits The status check is now back and open for viewing, and the small wave of freshman February admit decisions that I discussed earlier are now showing up on the site. Please remember that this is a small group of admits who meet the EA criteria used in our December admits (and are mainly RD applicants due to this fact), and remember, I cannot comment/discuss specific decisions on this blog. Do not panic if you have not been admitted in this wave, as we still have a lot of files to read and lots of decisions to make. Final decisions will be made by roughly the end of March, so try to be patient as we finish up the process over the next month or so. Go Dawgs!
Sunday, May 24, 2020
The Prevalence Of Sexual Assault On College Campuses
The Prevalence of Sexual Assault on College Campuses ââ¬Å"Nobody owes you sex, ever; and no means no.â⬠Maya Yamanouchi Embrace your Sexual Self; A Practical Guide For Women Students enter college with the anticipation that the next four years of their lives will be a chance to start fresh, to achieve their professional goals, and to develop new relationships. In reality, the college campus is not the safe haven that most incoming freshmen are led to believe. Students are unaware of the dangers lurking around the corner or even in plain sight. Rapists do not look any different than any other university student, so there is a false sense of security that a collegiate atmosphere creates, which disguises the truth that sexual predators share the same campus, dormitories, parties, classrooms, and interests as their victims. Since the 1970ââ¬â¢s, the term ââ¬Å"rape cultureâ⬠has been used to show how the victims of sexual assault are blamed and constantly threatened by society. Those that report rape are often not taken seriously, so their perpetrators are not punished for their crimes. The larger problem is that society views the crime of rape as a trivial occurrence and it does not believe or support the victim. Through extensive research on rape culture and the examination of the myths and institutional barriers that allow the problem to continue, it is clear that sexual assault is prevalent on college campuses. A university campus is the epitome of a rape culture confined in a designatedShow MoreRelatedAcquaintance Rape And The College Social Scene1595 Words à |à 7 PagesAcquaintance Rape and the College Social Scene In Acquaintance ââ¬Å"Rape and the College Social Scene,â⬠the authors, Sally K. Ward, Kathy Chapman, Ellen Cohn, Susan White and Kirk Williams, main purpose was to report on a study they performed of the cases of sexual assaults at a specific college campus. The article provides estimates of the rate of acquaintance rape, recounting the situations surrounding the acquaintance rape, and people working toward making policies against this type of aggressionRead MoreSexual Assault On College Campuses1381 Words à |à 6 Pages Sexual assault has been a huge issue for many years on college campuses and universities nation wide. As society has evolved, thoughts on sexual assault have also evolved, becoming more focused on the details of victim treatment than ever before. The topic of sexual assault is debatable and sparks many opinions on weather sexual assault on college campuses is becoming more frequent, or if there is just heightened awareness. Sexual assault can happen to anyb ody no matter the gender, race, religionRead MoreSexual Assault On College Campuses1441 Words à |à 6 PagesSexual Violence on College Campuses Among female college students, 23% said they experienced some form of unwanted sexual contact ranging from kissing, to touching, to rape. All of these females said it was carried out by force or threat of force, or while they were incapacitated because of alcohol or drugs. This data was collected from a survey taken by 150,000 students from 27 different Universities. (Wallace, Kelley, 2105) Sexual assault is sexual contact or behavior that happens without theRead MoreSexual Assault On College Campuses1591 Words à |à 7 PagesSexual assault on college campuses is a growing epidemic. Twenty five percent of college women are affected by sexual assault (A. Amar, T. Strout, S. Simpson, M. Cardiello, S. Beckford, 2014, p. 93). Sexual assault is the non- consensual sexual touching of a person, in which a person is forced to engage in a sexual act against their will. Taking advantage of a person sexually is morally wrong, and causes victims of sexual assault significant emotional and p hysical damage. Sexual assault is a bigRead MoreReflection Paper On The Hunting Ground846 Words à |à 4 Pagesexistence and prevalence of sexual assault culture in many colleges and universities. The issues surrounding the rape culture in universities is, they are not taking enough action on protecting the students. The film/filmmakers display the reason for the prevalence of sexual assault on American campuses. With the culture of rape in colleges, there also must be a counter-culture, to stop these sexual assaults. It covers many perspectives and stories from those affected by sexual assault and rape duringRead MoreSexual Assault And Rape On College Campus Essay2085 Words à |à 9 Pagesof the problem Sexual assault and rape are serious social and public health issues in the United States and throughout the rest of the world. In particular sexual assault on college campus are prevalent at an alarming rate and leaves serious effects on the victims. This essay will focus on statistics and the prevalence and effects amongst college students, through examining a number of reasons why women fail to report sexual assault and rape. This essay will also cover sexual assault prevention andRead MoreSexual Assault Among College Students1412 Words à |à 6 Pagesformidable amount of sexual assaults that occur on U.S. college campuses. Sexual assault among college studentsââ¬âas both victims and perpetratorsââ¬âis an epidemic that has been identified and acknowledged as problematic for several decades. As an ongoing and consistent problem, there is little empirical evidence indicating that sexual violence prevention initiatives to date have been effective. The U.S. National Institute of Justice (NIJ) estimates that between one-fifth and one-quarter of college women are victimsRead MoreSexual Victimization And The Campus Climate Survey Validation Study843 Words à |à 4 PagesConsiderable interest has been paid to the occurrence of sexual acts on U.S. university campuses in the past decade. The Clery Act pushed for a greater focus on the prevention of and the response to campus sexual victimization. Campus crime statistics were to be made publicly accessible in efforts to increase transparency between universities and students. Rape figures collected from postsecondary institutions have been increasing since data collection began in 2001. As of 2014, four-year or aboveRead MoreSexual Assault Is Experienced By Women2253 Words à |à 10 PagesIntroduction College students are often believed to be a subpopulation at elevated risk for sexual assault, and although sexual assault is experienced by both male and female students, women experience significantly higher rates of sexual assault compared to men. (Krebs, Lindquist., Warner, Fisher, Martin, 2007) Research also suggests that women in college are at a greater risk to be victims of sexual assault in comparison to women of comparable age in the general population. (Fisher, Cullen,Read MoreSexual Assault And Sexual Assaults2240 Words à |à 9 PagesDespite the efforts that have been made to curb sexual assaults, statistics show that sexual assaults in college campuses still occur (Lee, Spring 2003). In fact, the facts are even scarier, showing that one in every four ladies in campuses have been victims or near victims of sexual assault (Lee, spring 2003). Interestingly, 1 in 12 men in college have been involved in sexual assault, but they felt that their actions were not illegal. Pe rhaps, this ability of the perpetrators to justify their actions
Wednesday, May 13, 2020
Descartes - 1226 Words
The next stage in the system, as outlined in the Meditations, seeks to establish that God exists. In his writings, Descartes made use of three principal arguments. The first (at least in the order of presentation in the Meditations) is a causal argument. While its fullest statement is in Meditation III, it is also found in the Discourse (Part IV) and in the Principles (Part I à §Ã § 17ââ¬â18). The argument begins by examining the thoughts contained in the mind, distinguishing between the formal reality of an idea and its objective reality. The formal reality of any thing is just its actual existence and the degree of its perfection; the formal reality of an idea is thus its actual existence and degree of perfection as a mode of mind. Theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦These first two arguments for the existence of God play a central role in the validation of reason, as discussed below. But after reason has been validated on theological grounds, Descartes presents in Meditation V a version of the ontological argument (see God, arguments for the existence of à §Ã §2ââ¬â3). After reflecting on the basis of geometric reasoning, the fact that ââ¬Ëeverything which I clearly and distinctly perceive to belong to that thing really does belong to itââ¬â¢, Descartes concludes that this applies to the idea of God as well. Hence he concludes that ââ¬Ëit is quite evident that existence can no more be separated from the essence of God than the fact that its three angles equal to two right angles can be separated from the essence of a triangle, or than the idea of a mountain can be separated from the idea of a valleyââ¬â¢. Though apparently circular in so far as its validity seems to depend on the prior arguments for the existence of God, it is not; Descartesââ¬â¢ point is that ââ¬Ëeven if it turned out that not everything on which I have meditated in these past days is true, I ought still to regard the existence of God as having at least the same level of certainty as I have hitherto attributed to the truths of mathematicsââ¬â¢. As with the other two arguments, Descartesââ¬â¢ ontological argument is also found in the Discourse (Part IV) and in the Principles (PartShow MoreRelatedDescartes Vs. Descartes Philosophy1142 Words à |à 5 Pages Rene Descartesââ¬â¢ begins to illustrate his skeptical argument as presented in Meditation l. Descartes basic strategy to approaching this method of doubt is to defeat skepticism. This argument begins by doubting the truth of everything, from evidence of the senses to the fundamental process of reasoning. Therefore, if there is any truth in the world that overcomes the skeptical challenge then it must be indubitably true. Thus, creating a perfect foundation for knowledge. The first Meditation is anRead MoreHitchcock/Descartes924 Words à |à 4 PagesHitchcock/Descartes Am I really awake typing a paper for philosophy? Did I just watch the Hitchcock film Shadow of a Doubt or did the ââ¬Å"not so supremely good Godâ⬠plant a reel of thoughts in my head (Descartes16)? That would be ironic since the themes of the film are based upon human understanding of doubt, dreams, good, evil, ignorance and knowledge. The film portrays a neat staircase that leads into the house of an all American family and a rickety set of stairs off the side of the house thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s The Descartes 2020 Words à |à 9 PagesRene Descartes was a French mathematician who concurred with Plato and the early scholars about the significance of reason. Nonetheless, he found that his antecedents regularly settled their thoughts upon what he took to be a to some degree temperamental and dubious establishment. In this way, he starts his own venture by perceiving that all that he supposes he knows could be the consequence of sense involvement, which can mislead us, as when we think the street is wet when it is just a trap of lightRead MoreDescartes Epistemology1696 Words à |à 7 PagesEpistemology ------------------------------------------------- Carefully explain Descartesââ¬â¢ cogito and his attempt to build his knowledge structure from the ground up. (Be as succinct as possible.) Does Descartes succeed or fail in that attempt? Justify your answer in full. Descartesââ¬â¢ Epistemology This essay attempts to explain Descartesââ¬â¢ epistemology of his knowledge, his ââ¬Å"Cogito, Ergo Sumâ⬠concept (found in the Meditations), and why he used it [the cogito concept] as a foundation when buildingRead More Descartes Essay1269 Words à |à 6 Pages In the early 17th century a philosopher named Descartes, questioned his existence. His life was dedicated to the founding of a philosophical and mathematical system in which all sciences were logical. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Descartes was born in 1596 in Touraine, France. His education consisted of attendance to a Jesuit school of La Fleche. He studied a liberal arts program that emphasized philosophy, the humanities, science, and math. He then went on to the University of Poitiers whereRead MoreEssay on Descartes1128 Words à |à 5 Pages Rene Descartes was one of the most influential thinkers in the history of the philosophy. Born in 1596, he lived to become a great mathematician, scientist, and philosopher. In fact, he became one of the central intellectual figures of the sixteen hundreds. He is believed by some to be the father of modern philosophy, although he was hampered by living in a time when other prominent scientists, such as Galileo, were persecuted for their discoveries and beliefs. Although this probably had an impactRead MoreDescartes vs. Locke1175 Words à |à 5 PagesPhilosophy Essay (Descartes vs. Locke) Socrates once said, ââ¬Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.â⬠Several philosophers contradicted Socratesââ¬â¢ outlook and believed that true knowledge was in fact attainable. This epistemological view however had several stances to it, as philosophers held different beliefs in regards to the derivation of true knowledge. Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of true knowledge, while in Empiricism, true knowledge derived from the senses. ReneRead MoreEssay on Renà © Descartes759 Words à |à 4 PagesRenà © Descartes Renà © Descartes was a French philosopher and also mathematician. His method of doubt led him to the famous cogito ergo sum when translated means I am thinking, therefore I exist. This cogito was the foundation for Descartes quest for certain knowledge. He explored doubt and how we can prove our own existence, by taking the first steps of scepticism. His book Meditations On First Philosophy, was written in six parts. EachRead MoreObjections to Descartesââ¬â¢ Interactionism1431 Words à |à 6 Pages In the following essay I will be offering some objections to Descartesââ¬â¢ interactionism as is primarily represented in his works The Passions of the Soul, Part I and Correspondence with Princess Elisabeth, Concerning the Union of Mind and Body. I will start by describing the basic features of how Descartesââ¬â¢ notion of interactionism works. Namely, that the pineal gland is the ââ¬Å"principle seatâ⬠of the mind because it is the only singular part of the brain. The pineal gland also has a range ofRead More Rene Descartes Essay1094 Words à |à 5 PagesRene Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist and philosopher. He was arguably the first major philosopher in the modern era to make a serious effort to defeat skepticism. His views about knowledge and certainty, as well as his views about the relationship between mind and body have been very influential over the last three centuries. Descartes was born at La Haye (now called Descartes), and educated at the Jesuit College of La Flà ¨che between 1606 and 1614. Descartes later claimed
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Short term Free Essays
Idea objectives For short term (3 to 6 months): 1. Raise an awareness of suppliers and demander: Achieve the number of visitors up to 50,000 views which include both potential suppliers and demander. Lots of student donââ¬â¢t know about the concept of ââ¬Ëmall departmentââ¬â¢, they often hire a small house/ floor and stay with other people to share the cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Short term or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 6 months, we target on 60% student of some of university and college near Nagyà ©n trip street (Hanoi university, institute of traditional medicine, so on) will know our website then achieve the number of visitors up to 50,000 views . When website become more popular, it will attract student and other worker not only in Than Guan district, but also other places in Ha Noel. On the other hand , we also try to get 10,000 view of potential suppliers who will post or use our website to Introduce ââ¬Å"mall departmentâ⬠to customers. . Increase the amount of information (about 15 posts/months) from suppliers. When the number of page view Increase dramatically , people feel trust in our website , they will contact with us to find a Department . Especially when student attend to heir university or collages , the demand Is really high _ A large number of student live in rural areas , they find too difficult to hire a department with the reasonable price but clean and safety . When they visit our web , if they see that all mini department can deal with these problem , they will want to hire it . When we have a large demand , we need more and more potential suppliers . In 6 months, we try to get 1 post per months from supplier For long-term (more than 5 years): 1. Capture the profit and balance the cost: Our strategy is design to achieve revenue growth of 15% per year for the next five years. It is essential at the time of attracting additional capital for undertaking expansion and modernization measures for our website. 2. Gain customerââ¬â¢s loyalty: Increasing customer loyalty yields big profits over the long haul and creates raving fans that promote our website for free and it is cheaper than finding new customers. Based on that, we design strategies to increase the amount of customers revisit to our website up to 60% (based on counting IP address). 3. Create an online library for people to search apartment for rent In Ha Not by gain to find suitable person who want to live in one department to decrease the cost. E-marketing strategy for idea: We are in the estate industry. Specifically, we focus on mini department for rent and our business model is broker. Therefore, to compete with other competitor such as controls. Com, Rangoon. Van and so on, we have specific target market is students in Hanoi capital. Our competitive advantage support for what we have said above are : + First-mover for providing information about mini apartment for students in website. + Our website is for only college student in Hanoi while our competitors do not focus on this segment or student in HCI. How to cite Short term, Papers
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Marx`s Labour Essay Example For Students
Marx`s Labour Essay Description: This paper discusses Marxs argument on estranged labour.This is a rather microcosmic topic but it is important because estranged labouris the basis for all of Marxs writing, most importantly, The CommunistManifesto. Revealing Marx In Karl Marxs early writing on estrangedlabour there is a clear and prevailing focus on the plight of the labourer. Marxs writing on estranged labour is and attempt to draw a stark distinctionbetween property owners and workers. In the writing Marx argues that the workerbecomes estranged from his labour because he is not the recipient of the producthe creates. As a result labour is objectified, that is labour becomes the objectof mans existence. As labour is objectified man becomes disillusioned andenslaved. Marx argues that man becomes to be viewed as a commodity worth onlythe labour he creates and man is further reduced to a subsisting animal void ofany capacity of freedom except the will to labour. For Marx this all leads tothe emergence of private property, the enemy of the proletariat. In fact Marxswriting on estranged labour is a repudiation of private property- a warning ofhow private property enslaves the worker. This writing on estranged labour is anobvious point of basis for Marxs Communist Manifesto. The purpose of this paperis to view Marxs concept of alienation (estranged labour) and how it limitsfreedom. For Marx mans freedom is relinquished or in fact wrested from his truenature once he becomes a labourer. This process is thoroughly explainedthroughout Estranged Labour. This study will reveal this process and argue itsvalidity. Appendant to this study on alienation there will be a micro-studywhich will attempt to ascertain Marxs view of freedom (i.e. positive ornegative). The study on alienation in conjunction with the micro-study on Marxsview of freedom will help not only reveal why Marx feels labour limits mansfreedom, but it will also identify exactly what kind of freedom is beinglimited. Estranged Labour Karl Marx identifies estranged labour as labour aliento man. Marx explains the condition of estranged labour as the result of manparticipating in an institution alien to his nature. It is my interpretationthat man is alienated from his labour because he is not the reaper of what hesows. Because he is never the recipient of his efforts the labourer lackside ntity with what he creates. For Marx then labour is alien to theworkerdoes not belong to his essential being. Marx identifiestwo explanations of why mans lack of identity with labour leads him to beestranged from labour. (1) does not develop freely hisphysical and mental energy, but instead mortifies his mind. In other wordslabour fails to nurture mans physical and mental capacities and instead drainsthem. Because the worker is denied any nurturing in his work no intimacy betweenthe worker and his work develops. Lacking an intimate relation with what hecreates man is summarily estranged from his labour. (2) Labour estranges manfrom himself. Marx argues that the labour the worker produces does not belong tohim, but to someone else. Given this condition the labourer belongs to someoneelse and is therefore enslaved. As a result of being enslaved the worker isreduced to a subsisting animal, a condition alien to him. As an endresult man is estranged from himself and is entirely mortifie d. Marx points tothese to situations as the reason man is essentially estranged from his labour. The incongruency between the world of things the worker creates and the worldthe worker lives in is the estrangement. Marx argues that the worker firstrealizes he is estranged from his labour when it is apparent he cannot attainwhat he appropriates. As a result of this realization the objectification oflabour occurs. For the worker the labour becomes an object, something shapelessand unidentifiable. Because labour is objectified, the labourer begins toidentify the product of labour as labour. In other words all the worker canidentify as a product of his labour, given the condition of what he produces asa shapeless, unidentifiable object, is labour. The worker is then left with onlylabour as the end product of his efforts. The emerging condition is that heworks to create more work. For Marx the monotonous redundancy of this conditionis highly detrimental because the worker loses himself in his efforts. He arguesthat this situation is analogous to a man and his religion. Marx writes,Th e more man puts into God the less he retains in himself.The workerputs his life into the object, but now his life no longer belongs to him but tothe object. The result of the worker belonging to the object is that he isenslaved. The worker belongs to something else and his actions are dictated bythat thing. For Marx, labour turns man into a means. Workers become nothing morethan the capital necessary to produce a product. Labour for Marx reduces man toa means of production. As a means of production man is diminished to asubsisting enslaved creature void of his true nature. In this condition he isreduced to the most detrimental state of man: one in which he is estranged fromhimself. To help expand on this theme it is useful to look at Marxs allegory ofmans life-activity. Life-activity and the Nature of Man Of the variety ofreasons Marx argues man is estranged from his labour, probably the mostsignificant is his belief that labour estranges man from himself. Marx arguesthat the labour the worker produces does not belong to the worker so in essencethe worker does not belong to the worker. By virtue of this condition Marxargues the worker is enslaved. Enslavement for Marx is a condition alien to manand he becomes estranged from himself. For Marx, man estranged from himself isstripped of his very nature. Not only because he is enslaved but because hislife-activity has been displaced. For Marx mans character is free, consciousactivity, and mans pursuit of his character is his life-activity. Manslife-activity is then the object of his life. So by nature, mans own life is theobject of his existence. This is mans condition before labour. After labour manslife-activity, that is, his free conscious, activity, or his very nature, isdisplaced. In a pre-labour condition mans life was the object of his condition;in a labour condition man exists to labour and his life-activity is reduced to ameans of his existence so he can labour. In effect labour necessitates itself inman b y supplanting mans true nature with an artificial one that re-prioritizesmans goals. Mans goal then is not to pursue his life but to labour. He becomeslinked to his labour and is viewed in no other way. Man is reduced to chattel, acommodity, the private property of another individual. Conclusion For Marxlabour limits the freedom of man. Labour becomes the object of mans existenceand he therefore becomes enslaved by it. In considering the validity of Marxsargument I feel Marx is correct that mans freedom is limited by the fact thathe is a labourer. But in opposition to Marx I believe that mans freedom is nomore limited as a labourer than as a farmer. Agrarian worker or labourer mansfreedom is limited. Whether he is identified by the product he creates in afactory or in a wheat field in either case he is tied to his work and is notviewed beyond it. In either instance the product is objectified because ineither instance the worker works only to create more work. Just as the labourermus t continue to work without end to subsist, so must the agrarian worker. Theimplication then is that alienation is not the culprit that limits mans freedom,it is work itself. Do not mistake this as an advocation for laziness. Insteadconsider the implications of not working. If one did not work at all he or shewould live a life of poverty and would be far less free than if he did work. .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72 , .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72 .postImageUrl , .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72 , .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72:hover , .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72:visited , .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72:active { border:0!important; } .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72:active , .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72 .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u79bc437969ddd2f866cd3a456c23ce72:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Dream Team Era EssayWorking, either as a labourer or a farmer, offers greater financial means andwith greater financial means comes greater freedom. This point of the argumentstands up of course only if you believe money can by freedom. I argue it can. Surely my freedom to buy something is limited if I do not have the financialmeans. On the other hand if I have greater financial means I have more freedomto buy things. So although labour limits freedom to the extent that the workerbecomes tied to his work, labour also offers a far greater freedom than that ofindigence. Labouring is no less acceptable than agrarian work because theimplications of partaking in either are uniform to both and alienation holds norelevancy. Appendage 1. Marx on Freedom Marxs view of freedom would seem arather broad topic, and Im sure it is. For our purposes it is convenient tohave just an idea of what type of freedom Marx favors. For the sake of ease thescope of this study will be limited to two (2) classifications of freedom:prescribed (positive) freedom and negative liberties. Prescribed freedom wouldbe guided freedoms, or freedoms to do certain things. Negative liberties wouldbe freedom to do all but what is forbidden. In Marxs writing On The JewishQue stion he identifies (but does not necessarily advocates) liberty asthe right to do everything which does not harm others. In furtherargument Marxs states that liberty as a right of man is not founded uponthe relationship between man and man; but rather upon the separation of man fromman. By this definition liberty is negative liberty, and for Marx it ismonistic and solitary. Marx then argues that private property is the practicalapplication of this negative liberty. He states propertyisthe right to enjoy ones fortune and dispose of it as one will; withoutregard for other men and independently of society. Private property forMarx is the mechanism by which man can be separate from other men and pursue his(negative) liberty. Marxs writings on estranged labour and in The CommunistManifesto are a clear repudiation of private property. What can be deduced thenis that Marx does not favor negative liberties. Negative liberties requireprivate property to exist and private property is for Ma rx the enslaver of theproletariat. Negative freedom eliminated from the discussion we are left withPositive or prescribed freedoms. Positive freedom, as was identified above, isthe freedom to pursue specified options. That is, freedom to do certain things. Man is not necessarily given a choice of what these options are, he is simplyfree to pursue them whatever they may be. Posistive freedoms then are thefreedoms Marx likley wishes to uphold by denouncing estarnged labour. Bibliography1Marx, Karl, The Early Marx, (reserve packet) 2Marx, Karl and Engles,Freidrich, The Communist Manifesto, London, England, 1888
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